Experimental Study of the Temperature of Ironwood Powder, Rice Husk and 1:1 Mix Fuel on Boiling Time of Water
This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of three types of biomass fuels ironwood powder, rice husks, and a 1:1 mixture of bothin relation to the boiling time of water using a simple biomass stove. The experiment was conducted at the Mechanical Engineering Workshop of Politeknik Negeri Manado with two variations of fuel mass: 500 grams and 800 grams. The primary parameters observed were the maximum temperature and the time required to boil 1 liter of water. The test results showed that ironwood powder had the highest thermal efficiency and was the fastest in boiling water for both fuel masses, with boiling times of 57 minutes (500 g) and 1 hour 40 minutes (800 g), respectively. In contrast, rice husks and the 1:1 mixture were only able to heat the water without reaching the boiling point. Heat calculations based on the conduction heat transfer equation indicated that ironwood powder produced heat of 2.911,68 Watt (500 grams) and 4.665,6 Watt (800 grams) the convectiv heat transfer in the container is 0,253 Watts (for 500 grams) and 0,186 Watt (for 800 grams). These results demonstrate that sawdust is more effective as a biomass fuel compared to rice husks and the 1:1 mixture. This research contributes to the utilization of biomass waste as an efficient alternative energy source, particularly in rural areas.
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Design and Construction of a Door Model with a Rotary Locking System for a Retort Machine with a Capacity of 500 Liters
Retorts are vital equipment in the thermal sterilization process in the food and pharmaceutical industries. One critical component of a retort is the door, which must be able to withstand high pressures and temperatures, while ensuring tightness and security. This research aims to design and model a 500-liter retort door with a rotary lock system that can improve operational efficiency and safety. The design process was carried out using CAD software, followed by the selection of corrosion- and pressure-resistant materials (304 stainless steel), prototype construction, and tightness testing. Test results show that the rotary lock system can distribute pressure evenly, withstand 1.5 bar of pressure at 115°C without leakage, and can be easily operated by one person. The safety factor against the material's yield strength is >100 times, indicating the design is highly safe for medium-scale industrial applications.
Analysis of the Effect of Shielded Metal Arc Welding on the Blade of a Plastic Waste Shredding Machine to Determine Hardness Value
This study aims to determine the hardness values of leaf spring steel material after undergoing a welding process using LB 52U electrodes. The specimens were tested using the Rockwell hardness method on the HRC scale in accordance with ASTM E18 standards. The hardness tests were conducted on three distinct areas: the weld metal zone, the heat-affected zone (HAZ), and the base metal (unwelded area), with five measurement points in each area. The results showed that the highest hardness was found in the base metal area, with an average of 81,78 HRC, while the weld metal area exhibited the lowest hardness, averaging 55,97 HRC. The HAZ displayed intermediate hardness values, averaging 72,82 HRC. The differences in hardness are attributed to microstructural changes caused by thermal effects during the welding process. These findings indicate that welding significantly affects the mechanical properties of the material, especially around the welded joint. This research can serve as a reference for selecting appropriate welding parameters to maintain optimal material performance.
Coconut Fiber Roll Machine Design in Cocosheet Production
Coconut fiber is an agricultural waste that holds high economic value due to its natural fiber content, which can be utilized in various industries, such as furniture, automotive, textile, and environmentally friendly building materials. However, in many coconut-producing regions, the processing of coconut fiber is still carried out traditionally or manually, this takes a great deal of effort and time, and results in products that are inconsistent in terms of size and quality. One of the crucial stages in coconut fiber processing is the flattening and rolling of the fibers into sheet form. Therefore, an innovation in the form of a coconut fiber rolling machine is needed, designed to operate efficiently and effectively to improve the productivity and quality of coconut fiber products. This research aims to design a coconut fiber rolling machine design in cocosheet production capable of replacing manual processes with an integrated mechanical system. The machine design was conducted through technical and analytical approaches, including identifying user requirements, reviewing literature related to the working principles of rolling machines, analyzing mechanical elements (such as torque calculation, motor power, rotational speed, and power transmission), and selecting appropriate materials for the machine components. The main components of the machine consist of a frame, drive motor, transmission system using pulleys and V-belts, and two steel rollers that function to flatten the coconut fiber. Based on the design results, the technical specifications of the machine include the use of a ¾ HP electric motor, roller rotational speed of 48 rpm, and a roller working length of approximately 1410 mm. This machine can produce coconut fiber sheets that are more even and denser compared to the manual method. Furthermore, the use of this machine can significantly improve work efficiency, reduce production costs, and accelerate the processing time. With a simple construction and relatively affordable production costs, this machine is expected to be widely implemented by small and medium-sized enterprises in the coconut husk processing sector.
Testing the Effect of Using Compositions on Latex and Coconut Fiber in Making Cocosheet
The use of composition in coconut fiber and latex as binders is an influential factor in the process of making coconut fiber sheets or cocosheets. Therefore, this study was conducted to improve the quality of coconut husk sheets produced by this machine. Specifically, this study focuses on determining the appropriate and optimal composition or ratio of coconut husk and latex in the production of coconut husk sheets using three different composition ratios to identify the optimal results of the sheets produced. In this study, literature review, observation/monitoring, and experimentation methods were used to analyze the data that will be used in the process of producing coconut husk sheets using three composition ratios. The coconut husk sheets produced from the first composition test used a ratio of 5% coconut husk and 95% latex, where the coconut husk composition weighed 138 g and the liquid latex amounted to 144 ml, which then underwent a flattening process using a roll machine with a 5 mm gap and a roll rotation speed of 48 r/min, resulting in coconut husk sheets with a uniform thickness of 5 mm, but the density produced exhibited gaps between the coconut husk fibers. In the second composition test using a ratio of 10% coconut husk and 90% latex, where the coconut husk composition weighed 275 g and the liquid latex weighed 272 ml, which then underwent a flattening process using a roll machine with a 5 mm gap and a roll speed of 48 r/min, resulting in a flat coconut husk sheet with a thickness of 5 mm and density that did not exhibit gaps between the coconut husk fibers. In the third composition test using a ratio of 15% coconut husk and 85% latex, where the amount of coconut husk composition was 413 g and the amount of liquid latex was 386 ml, which then underwent a flattening process using a roll machine with a 5 mm gap and a roll speed of 48 r/min, producing a flat coconut husk sheet with a thickness of 10 mm and a density that did not experience gaps between the coconut husks.
Analysis of the Effect of Alloy Elements on the Hardness and Toughness of AISI 4340 Steel
This study examines the effect of variations in alloying element content on the mechanical properties of AISI 4340 steel, namely hardness. The results show that the specimen with the highest nickel content (sample 4B) has an average hardness value of 80.88 HRC which is higher than other samples. Increasing the levels of nickel and molybdenum elements significantly increases the hardness and toughness of steel, where the highest hardness value is in 4B steel, namely 88.80 HRC, with Nickel alloy elements at 1.68% and molybdenum 0.40%. The hardness value of the steel resulting from this alloy treatment far exceeds the initial standard of 33.36 HRC, namely 88.80 HRC. proving that appropriate adjustment of the composition of alloying elements can improve the mechanical properties of steel. In addition, the optimal combination of alloying elements produces balanced mechanical properties that are very important for structural and automotive applications.
Design of Patchouli Shredder Machine Using Gasoline Engine
The patchouli plant (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) is a high-value essential oil-producing commodity. The shredding process of patchouli leaves and stems is crucial for drying efficiency and distillation quality. However, shredding is still mostly performed manually, which is less efficient and poses safety risks. This study aims to design a gasoline-engine-based patchouli shredder using the VDI 2222 design method. The machine features two main shafts: a cutter shaft and a pulling shaft, producing shreds 5–7 cm long. The main drive uses a 6.5 HP gasoline engine with a 3-inch and 7-inch pulley transmission system. The design results show machine dimensions of 50 cm × 34 cm × 95 cm, equipped with 3 cutting blades, 4 pullers, and a transmission system that provides effective rotation for shredding. This machine is expected to improve farmers’ work efficiency and support productivity in essential oil production.
Performance Testing of a Patchouli Chopping Machine Powered by a Gasoline Engine
This study aims to [1] examine the work efficiency of the patchouli chopper machine powered by a gasoline engine based on chopping capacity and fuel consumption, and [2] evaluate the quality of the chopped results based on size and uniformity. The research was conducted at the Mechanical Engineering Workshop of Politeknik Negeri Manado using a quantitative experimental method. The test was carried out four times using 7 kg of dried patchouli leaves in each session. The measured parameters included chopping capacity (kg/hour), specific fuel consumption (ml/kg), chopping efficiency, and size of the chopped material. The results showed that the machine had an average chopping capacity of 71.1 kg/hour, a specific fuel consumption of 17.86 ml/kg (equivalent to 56.01 kg/liter), and 100% chopping efficiency without residue. The chopped material ranged between 5–7 cm, considered uniform and suitable for essential oil distillation. The machine is deemed feasible for use in small to medium-scale production. It is recommended to perform regular maintenance and further testing with varying moisture content to optimize machine performance.
Development of a Patchouli Chopper Machine Using a Gasoline Engine Drive
Patchouli oil is one of the leading commodities in the essential oil industry that has a high market value. This oil is obtained through the distillation process of dried patchouli leaves. One of the factors that influence the quality and quantity of the oil produced is the size and fineness of the patchouli leaves before the distillation process. Therefore, an optimal chopping process is required to increase the efficiency of patchouli oil production. research by Porawati and Darmuji (2020) focuses on the design of a patchouli shredder using a planer knife. This machine uses a gasoline engine as the primary power source, aimed at accelerating the shredding process and ensuring a more uniform shred size. The study highlights the importance of knife design and power transmission mechanisms in enhancing machine work efficiency. The research results show that the use of planer knives produces more uniform patchouli shreds, which contributes to improving the quality of the essential oil produced. the method used in the manufacture of this patchouli grinding machine consists of several stages, namely making the machine frame with its components inside, making the blades, making the puller along with other components inside, making the input funnel, and making the frame. The patchouli grinding machine from the production results concludes that the machine can work continuously, making the grinding process easier. The total production cost of making the rice mill machine is Rp. 2,700,000,-.
Design of an Electric Motor Control System on a Milling Machine Sled Model UH-IF Series No. 1508 Based on Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)
The UH-I.F Series No. 1508 milling machine in the Production Laboratory of the Mechanical Engineering Department at Politeknik Negeri Manado has an electric motor control system on the carriage that no longer functions optimally, resulting in less flexible and inefficient speed regulation, reduced machining accuracy, and diminished quality of student practical activities. This study aims to design and implement an electric motor control system based on a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) to replace the outdated system, enabling precise, energy-efficient, and user-friendly motor speed control. The method involved analyzing the existing system, selecting components, configuring VFD parameters, modifying the motor connection from star (Y) to delta, and installing a manual control panel with a potentiometer. The research was conducted at the Manufacturing Workshop of the Mechanical Engineering Department from March to July 2025. The results show that the VFD-based control system operates effectively, providing more accurate, responsive, and stable speed control according to operational needs while restoring the milling machine’s performance to support practical learning. In conclusion, the application of a VFD to the carriage motor of the milling machine improves energy efficiency, extends machine lifespan, and offers speed control flexibility that conventional systems cannot provide.
Development of a Four-Team Quiz Control Unit Based on Outseal PLC
This research focuses on designing and developing a control system for a four-team quiz competition, using an Outseal PLC as the main controller. The device is built to automatically detect which team presses the button first, lock the other teams from answering, and provide both visual and sound feedback using indicator lights and a buzzer. The control logic was programmed through ladder diagram using Outseal Studio software. Testing shows that the system operates effectively and as intended. In addition to supporting quiz events, this tool also serves as an educational medium for learning PLC-based control systems. The testing results indicate that the system functions properly and in accordance with the designed logic. This system enhances efficiency and accuracy in quiz competitions and adds value to learning PLC-based control systems.
Analysis of the Effect of Temperature and Heating Time Variations on the Sheet Press Machine Toward the Hardness of PP and HDPE Plastic Materials
Plastic waste, which is difficult to degrade, requires effective management solutions, one of which is recycling using a sheet press machine. The quality of the produced plastic sheets is strongly influenced by process parameters, particularly temperature and heating time. This study aims to analyze the effect of temperature and heating time variations on the sheet press machine toward the hardness of recycled polypropylene (PP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastics. The research was conducted experimentally using a quantitative approach at the Materials Testing Laboratory of Politeknik Negeri Manado. The temperature variations used were 165°C, 170°C, and 180°C for HDPE, and 170°C, 185°C, and 195°C for PP, with heating times ranging from 150 to 200 minutes. Hardness values were measured using the Rockwell M scale method in accordance with ASTM D785 standards, with five repetitions for each specimen. The results showed that PP achieved the highest hardness value of 17.13 HRM at 195°C/200 minutes, while HDPE reached its maximum hardness of 15.4 HRM at 165°C/150 minutes. Increasing temperature and heating time tended to increase PP hardness but reduced HDPE hardness due to thermal degradation. These findings can serve as a reference for optimizing the plastic recycling process to produce products with better mechanical properties.
Performance Evaluation of A Tractor Equipped with A Combinet Plow Blade System for Dry Land Cultivation
This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of a tractor modified with a combinable plow blade system for dry land cultivation. Dry land typically has dense soil characteristics, which are difficult to loosen using conventional plows. Therefore, this research designed a flexible combinable plow blade system that can adapt to various soil conditions, aiming to improve the tractor's working efficiency and the quality of soil cultivation. The testing was carried out on three different types of land, each measuring 100 m², by observing the parameters of processing time and fuel consumption. The results showed that the first plot, with loose soil structure, had an average processing time of 19,43 minutes and fuel consumption of 201 ml. The second plot required an average time of 21,72 minutes and 206 ml of fuel, while the third plot took an average of 24,43 minutes with 214 ml of fuel consumption. These differences indicate that soil conditions significantly affect the efficiency of the equipment. In conclusion, the combinable plow blade system demonstrated good performance and greater flexibility in handling variations in dry land conditions. This tool is capable of accelerating the soil loosening process and saving fuel, especially when the land is cleared beforehand. These findings offer a practical solution for farmers to enhance productivity and land cultivation efficiency.
Programming of Element Part Drive Centralizer Using CNC (Computer Numerical Control) Milling Machine 3 Axis Type Haas
This research aims to program the manufacturing process of a drive centralizer part using a 3-axis CNC milling machine as a solution to the dependency on imported drive centralizer parts while facilitating the manufacturing of complex parts thus requiring a high level of precision in its production process. The method used in this study is a quantitative approach, starting with manual measurements using a caliper to obtain accurate part dimensions, 3D design using CAD/CAM software, creation of G-code and M-code programs, toolpath simulation, and implementation on a 3-axis CNC milling machine. The material used for manufacturing the part is brass (CuZn) due to its corrosion resistance and ease of machining. Machining parameters were determined based on CNC machining standards, including cutting speed, feed rate, and spindle speed, to obtain optimal machinin results. The results show that the drive centralizer part design can be accurately created using CAD/CAM software, and the toolpath simulation runs correctly without errors, while the machining process using the 3-axis CNC milling machine produces parts with high accuracy and precision. This programming and part manufacturing process can also serve as CNC job sheet teaching material for students. By implementing this CNC programming, companies in the mining sector can obtain drive centralizer parts with more efficient cost and production time compared to importing parts from abroad.
Experimental Study of Instrumentation and Control Devices on Fluid Flow Using A Digital Electric Flow Meter Based on A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
This research aims to find out how to construct and design a PLC-based flow control device. to find out how to test and analyze the performance of the flow control device under various operating conditions. to find out how to assess the efficiency and accuracy of the control system in maintaining flow stability. The research was conducted at the Mechanical Engineering Workshop of Politeknik Negeri Manado from April to July 2025. The method used was laboratory-based experimentation, consisting of several key stages: problem identification, system design using PLC, selection and assembly of components such as flow meter, solenoid valve, and pump, programming control logic using ladder diagram, and direct testing of the system. Data collection was carried out by observing the system’s response to varying flow conditions, which were then analyzed to evaluate the efficiency, accuracy, and stability of the automated control system developed. The results showed that the developed flow control system operated automatically and stably. Under valve opening variations, the system recorded maximum flow rates of 15.01 L/min (fully open), 8.04 L/min (half open), and 4.67 L/min (quarter open). In the automatic drainage test using a solenoid valve, the system achieved an average flow rate of 5.94 L/min, draining 46 liters of water in approximately 7.75 minutes. These results demonstrate that the system successfully maintained flow stability, responded well to programmed logic, and is suitable to be implemented as a fluid flow automation prototype based on PLC.
Experimental Study of Water Temperature Instrumentation and Control Devices for On/Off with Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
This study aims to design and test a water temperature control system based on the Omron CP1H Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) equipped with an XH-W3001 Digital Thermostat sensor and actuators in the form of an electric heater and solenoid valve. This system is designed to regulate the water heating process automatically and efficiently on a laboratory scale and small industries. The research method is carried out experimentally, starting from hardware design (trainer table stand, installation pipes, control system) to ladder diagram programming using CX-Programmer software. The test results show that the system is able to maintain the water temperature close to the setpoint of 40°C with small deviations. The system works in two modes: automatic and semi-automatic, and can activate the heater and open the drain valve according to the logic of temperature and water level. Compared to conventional systems without PLC, this system is more flexible and modular. This study shows that the PLC-based system can be relied upon as a learning medium and a prototype for water temperature control automation.
Experimental Study of Instrumentation and Control Devices for Fluid Pressure ON/OFF with Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
Implement a fluid pressure instrumentation and control system based on a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) by integrating pressure sensors, actuators, and programmable logic controllers. Developing a PLC-based fluid pressure control system, Analyzing the system's performance in controlling pressure and maximizing flow with precision, [3] Identifying factors that influence the accuracy and efficiency of fluid pressure control using PLC. This research was conducted at the Materials and Methodology Testing Laboratory, Department of Engineering, Manado State Polytechnic. The design method used involves designing and experimenting with control instrumentation equipment. This system will be tested gradually to ensure its accuracy in controlling fluid pressure. Programming will be done using CX-Programmer software to set the control logic on the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), enabling the system to operate automatically and efficiently. The results show that by applying the Integral Implementation method, the PLC-based fluid pressure control system provides precise, fast, and reliable control by integrating pressure sensors, actuators, and structured programming logic. This system is capable of operating automatically and in real-time, including pressure protection features to prevent damage caused by excessive pressure. PLC has proven to be superior to conventional methods due to its high response speed, minimal human error, and flexibility in control. System performance is significantly influenced by sensor accuracy, process speed, actuator responsiveness, control logic design, as well as environmental conditions and routine maintenance.
Development of a Parking System Simulation in the Basement of the Integrated Lecture Building at Manado State Polytechnic with Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
This research aims to design and create a simulation of an automatic parking system in the basement of the Integrated Lecture Building at Manado State Polytechnic based on Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), as a solution to space limitations and the need for efficient parking management. This research was conducted in the Mechatronics laboratory of the Mechanical Engineering Department at Manado State Polytechnic. The methods used include system design, selection of main components such as proximity sensors and DC gearbox motors, PLC programming using ladder diagrams, and integration with the Haiwell Human Machine Interface (HMI) to facilitate real-time monitoring and control. The simulation results show that the system is capable of automatically managing vehicle access in and out, accurately detecting parking slot availability, and displaying parking status directly through the HMI. The implementation of this system is expected to enhance the efficiency of parking space usage, reduce the time spent searching for parking spots, and improve the safety and comfort of users. This research provides a contribution as a reference for the development of automatic parking systems based on PLC in campus environments and other public facilities.
Development of a Parking System Simulation in the Basement of the Integrated Lecture Building at Manado State Polytechnic with Human Machine Interface (HMI)
This study aims to design and implement a simulation of an automated parking system controlled by a Human Machine Interface (HMI) in the basement of the Integrated Lecture Building at Politeknik Negeri Manado. The research was conducted in the Mechatronics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Manado, using an experimental method. The stages of the study included system design, HMI programming using NB-Designer, and component testing involving an Omron PLC, Haiwell HMI, proximity sensors, and a DC gearbox motor.The simulation results show that the HMI-based system is capable of managing vehicle access with an average response time of 3.3 seconds. Additionally, the system improves parking efficiency by reducing the average time required to find a parking slot from 5 minutes to 1 minute. These findings demonstrate that implementing HMI technology in parking systems can provide an effective solution for enhancing traffic management and operational efficiency in basement parking facilities.
Experimental Study of Instrumentation and Control Devices on Water Level for On Off with Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
Liquid level control is an important factor in various industrial processes such as water treatment, chemical, pharmaceutical, and manufacturing to ensure efficiency, safety, and product quality. One commonly used technology is the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) due to its flexibility, reliability, and ease of integration with automation systems. This research aims to design, build, and test a PLC-based liquid level control and instrumentation tool with an on-off control method using electrode sensors. The research process includes literature study, system design, component selection, assembly, PLC programming using ladder diagrams, and system performance testing. The developed device consists of a main tank, a pump, electrode sensors at three points (high, medium, low), a PLC input-output circuit, and a relay driver. The testing was carried out in two stages: first, direct sensor testing without a PLC to determine accuracy and response time; second, integrated system testing to evaluate automatic control performance. The results show that the electrode sensor is able to detect liquid levels with 100% accuracy in clean water with a response time of less than 1 second. The integrated system with PLC works according to the programmed on-off logic, is able to maintain the liquid level at the desired limit without manual intervention, and operates stably in repeated tests without sensor reading errors or control failures. The conclusion of this study is that the PLC-based liquid level instrumentation and control system with electrode sensors is proven to be effective, responsive, and reliable, and has the potential to be applied to small to medium-scale industries with minimal modifications, and can be further developed for more complex controls such as Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) or integration with Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA).